GERD Complications – What Happens When Acid Reflux Goes Wrong

Living with GERD (gastro‑esophageal reflux disease) is more than an occasional heartburn. When stomach acid keeps spilling into the esophagus, it can cause a chain of problems that affect your throat, lungs, teeth, and even your long‑term cancer risk. Below we break down the most common complications and give you practical tips to keep them at bay.

Esophagus Damage: From Erythema to Barrett’s

Every time acid burns the lining of your esophagus, the tissue gets inflamed – a condition called esophagitis. You might feel pain when swallowing, hear a crackling sound, or notice a sour taste lingering in your mouth. If the irritation repeats day after day, scar tissue can form and narrow the tube, leading to strictures. These make it hard to swallow solid foods and often require a doctor‑performed dilation.

The biggest worry is Barrett’s esophagus. In this state, the normal squamous cells are replaced by abnormal column‑shaped cells that can turn cancerous over many years. Regular endoscopy screening is the only way to catch Barrett’s early, so ask your doctor about an exam if you’ve had GERD for more than five years or if you’ve experienced frequent, severe heartburn.

Beyond the Esophagus: Respiratory and Dental Issues

Acid doesn’t stop at the throat. Tiny droplets can travel up to the voice box and even into the lungs, causing chronic cough, hoarseness, and a feeling of a lump in the throat (also called laryngopharyngeal reflux). Some people mistake these signs for asthma or allergies, which delays proper treatment. If you notice worsening cough after meals or when lying down, consider a reflux evaluation.

Acid also attacks tooth enamel. Frequent exposure leads to dental erosion, making teeth look thinner, more sensitive, and prone to cavities. Using a straw for acidic drinks, rinsing with water after meals, and waiting at least 30 minutes before brushing can protect your smile.

Finally, think about your lungs. Aspiration of acidic contents can trigger reflux‑related pneumonia or worsen existing chronic lung diseases like COPD. Keeping your head elevated while you sleep and avoiding late‑night meals are simple steps that help reduce nighttime reflux and protect lung health.

Managing GERD complications isn’t about miracle cures; it’s about consistent habits and working with your healthcare team. Start with lifestyle tweaks: lose excess weight, ditch smoking, limit caffeine and alcohol, and eat smaller meals spaced out throughout the day. Over‑the‑counter antacids or prescription proton‑pump inhibitors (PPIs) can heal inflamed tissue, but they work best when paired with these daily changes.

If you already notice any of the symptoms listed—persistent heartburn, trouble swallowing, chronic cough, sore throat, or tooth sensitivity—don’t wait. Book an appointment, get an endoscopy if needed, and ask about a personalized reflux management plan. Early action can stop damage before it becomes permanent and keep you feeling your best.

Bottom line: GERD can affect more than just your stomach. By recognizing the warning signs of esophageal injury, respiratory trouble, and dental wear, you can act fast, get the right treatment, and avoid serious complications down the road.